Kev faib cov carbohydrate - Monosaccharides, Cov Khoom Noj Tsis Zoo, thiab Polysaccharides

Ib qho ntawm ntau hom ntawm cov organic sib txuas uas tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog carbohydrates.

Lawv muab faib ua ob peb hom raws li lawv cov qauv - monosaccharides, disaccharides thiab polysaccharides. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog to taub vim li cas lawv xav tau thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev yog dab tsi.

Kev faib cov carbohydrate

Carbohydrates yog cov sib txuas uas muaj cov roj carbon, hydrogen thiab oxygen. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lawv yog los ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, txawm hais tias qee qhov tau tsim kev lag luam. Lawv txoj haujlwm hauv lub neej ntawm kev muaj sia muaj sia loj heev.

Lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb muaj li hauv qab no:

1. Lub ZogCov. Cov tebchaw no yog lub zog tseem ceeb. Feem ntau ntawm cov kabmob plab hnyuv siab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tiav vim lub zog tau txais thaum lub oxidation ntawm qabzib.
2. Txheej TxheemCov. Carbohydrates yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim ntawm yuav luag txhua lub cev lub cev. Fiber ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv txhawb nqa, thiab cov pob txha nyuaj tau pom hauv cov pob txha thiab pob txha mos. Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov cell ua haujlwm yog hyaluronic acid. Carbohydrate tebchaw kuj tseem yuav tsum tau tsim cov enzymes.
3. Pov thaivCov. Thaum lub cev ua haujlwm, cov qog uas ua haujlwm zais cov kua dej uas xav tau kom tiv thaiv cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog los ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim yog nqa tawm. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov kua no yog sawv cev los ntawm carbohydrates.
4. Kev cai nrujCov. Txoj haujlwm no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv ntawm tib neeg lub cev ntawm cov kua nplaum (txhawb nqa homeostasis, tswj kev osmotic siab) thiab fiber (cuam tshuam lub plab hnyuv).
5. Nta tshwj xeebCov. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qee hom carbohydrates. Cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb no suav nrog: kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem kev sib kis ntawm cov leeg txoj hlab ntshav, kev tsim cov pab pawg ntshav sib txawv, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li qhov tseeb tias cov haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates yog qhov sib txawv heev, nws tuaj yeem xav tias cov tebchaw no yuav tsum sib txawv hauv lawv cov qauv thiab cov yam ntxwv.

Qhov no muaj tseeb, thiab lawv cov kev faib tawm tseem ceeb suav nrog ntau yam xws li:

1. MonosaccharidesCov. Lawv suav tias yog qhov yooj yim. Qhov seem ntawm cov carbohydrates nkag mus rau cov txheej txheem hydrolysis thiab zom ua tej yam me me. Monosaccharides tsis muaj qhov peev xwm no, lawv yog qhov khoom kawg.
2. Kev tsis sib haum xeebCov. Hauv qee qhov kev faib tawm, lawv tau cais raws li oligosaccharides. Lawv muaj ob lub monosaccharide lwg me me. Nws yog ntawm lawv tias kev txiav txim siab tau faib thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis.
3. OligosaccharidesCov. Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm cov no muaj los ntawm 2 txog 10 monosaccharide lwg me me.
4. PolysaccharidesCov. Cov tebchaw no yog hom loj tshaj plaws. Lawv suav nrog ntau tshaj 10 monosaccharide lwg me me.

Txhua hom carbohydrate nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv. Koj yuav tsum xav txog lawv txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog qhov twg ntawm lawv cuam tshuam rau tib neeg lub cev thiab nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo li cas.

Monosaccharides

Cov tebchaw no yog qhov yooj yim tshaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbohydrates. Lawv muaj ib lub lwg me me, yog li ntawd, thaum lub caij hydrolysis, lawv tsis muab faib ua cov blocks me me. Thaum monosaccharides xyaw ua ke, kev tsis sib haum xeeb, oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides yog tsim.

Lawv paub qhov txawv los ntawm cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke thiab muaj qab zib. Lawv muaj lub peev xwm yaj nyob hauv dej. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem zom hauv cov dej cawv (qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog dua li nrog dej). Monosaccharides tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev sib xyaw nrog ethers.

Feem ntau feem ntau, natural monosaccharides tau hais txog. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau noj los ntawm cov neeg uas muaj zaub mov noj. Cov no suav nrog qabzib, fructose thiab galactose.

Lawv muaj nyob hauv cov khoom noj xws li:

• zib ntab;
• Qhob noom xim kasfes
• txiv ntoo
• qee hom caw;
• phoov, thiab lwm yam

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm carbohydrates ntawm hom no yog lub zog. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias lub cev ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj lawv, tab sis lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv uas tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev tag nrho, piv txwv li, kev koom tes hauv cov txheej txheem hauv metabolic.

Lub cev assimilates monosaccharides sai sai dab tsi tshwm sim hauv cov hnyuv. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev lees txais ntawm cov carbohydrates nyuaj, tsis zoo li cov sib txuas yooj yim, tsis yooj yim. Ua ntej, cov kev sib txuas nyuaj yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm rau cov monosaccharides, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lawv tau nqus.

Cauj

Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ntau hom monosaccharides. Nws yog cov duab dawb crystalline uas tsim nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig - thaum lub caij photosynthesis lossis thaum lub sijhawm hydrolysis. Cov tshuaj ntawm lub compound yog C6H12O6. Cov tshuaj yog soluble heev nyob rau hauv dej, muaj qab zib.

Cov kua nplaum muab cov leeg nqaij thiab cov roj ntsha ua haujlwm nrog lub zog. Thaum noj, cov tshuaj yuav nqus, nkag rau cov ntshav thiab kis mus thoob lub cev. Muaj, nws cov oxidation tshwm sim nrog kev tso tawm ntawm lub zog. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau lub hlwb.

Nrog cov tsis muaj qabzib, hypoglycemia kev ua haujlwm hauv lub cev, uas feem ntau cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hlwb qauv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov ntsiab lus ntau dhau hauv cov ntshav kuj tseem txaus ntshai, vim tias nws ua rau kev txhim kho ntshav qab zib. Tsis tas li, thaum noj ntau ntawm cov piam thaj, lub cev hnyav pib nce.

Fructose

Nws zwm rau cov naj npawb ntawm monosaccharides thiab zoo heev rau cov piam thaj. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tus nqi qeeb dua ntawm kev kwv yees. Qhov no yog vim tias kev ua kom zoo yuav tsum tau tias fructose yog thawj zaug hloov pauv rau cov piam thaj.

Yog li, qhov kev sib tov no suav hais tias yog kev nyab xeeb rau cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib, vim tias nws txoj kev noj nws tsis ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog cov kev kuaj mob no, kev ceev faj tseem tsim nyog.

Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm cov txiv ntoo thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo, thiab kuj los ntawm zib ntab. Feem ntau nws yog muaj ua ke nrog piam thaj. Lub chaw sib tw tseem yog qhov muaj nyob hauv dawb. Lub saj yog qab zib, thiab cov yam ntxwv no yog khaus ntau dua li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov piam thaj.

Lwm lub tebchaw

Lwm lub monosaccharide tebchaw muaj nyob. Lawv tuaj yeem yog ntuj thiab kos duab ib nrab.

Galactose belongs rau ntuj. Nws kuj tseem pom hauv cov khoom noj, tab sis tsis tshwm sim hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab. Galactose yog los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm lactose. Nws lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hu ua mis nyuj haus.

Lwm yam monosaccharides ntuj yog ribose, deoxyribose thiab mannose.

Tseem muaj ntau yam ntawm cov carbohydrates, rau qhov uas siv thev naus laus zis.

Cov tshuaj no kuj muaj nyob hauv cov zaub mov thiab nkag mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev:

• ramnose;
• erythrulose;
• tav qaum;
• D-xylose;
• L-tagnrho;
• D-sorbose, thiab lwm yam.

Txhua ntawm cov tebchaw yog qhov txawv txav los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv thiab ua haujlwm.

Kev sib cais thiab kev siv

Hom tom ntej no ntawm cov nplawm carbohydrate yog disaccharides. Lawv suav hais tias yog cov tshuaj sib txawv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm hydrolysis, ob lub monosaccharide lwg me me tau tsim los ntawm lawv.

Hom carbohydrate no muaj cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no:

• hardness
• solubility hauv dej;
• kev tiv thaiv kev txom nyem tsis zoo hauv cov cawv ntau;
• qab zib saj;
• xim - los ntawm dawb mus rau xim av.

Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum yog cov kua dej tsis haum (glycosidic bonds tau tawg thiab monosaccharides raug tsim) thiab hws (polysaccharides yog tsim).

Nws muaj 2 hom ntawm cov tebchaw:

1. Rov Kho DuaCov. Lawv qhov tshwj xeeb yog qhov muaj cov pub dawb semi-acetal hydroxyl pawg. Vim nws, xws li cov tshuaj muaj txo cov khoom. Pab pawg ntawm carbohydrates no suav nrog cellobiose, maltose thiab lactose.
2. Tsis khoCov. Cov tebchaw no tsis tuaj yeem raug txo, vim tias lawv tsis muaj ib nrab-acetal hydroxyl pawg. Cov tshuaj paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog sucrose thiab trehalose.

Cov tebchaw no muaj thoob plaws qhov. Lawv tuaj yeem pom ob qho tib si hauv daim ntawv pub dawb thiab yog ib feem ntawm lwm cov tebchaw. Kev ua kom tsis haum yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub zog, txij li cov kua nplaum tsim los ntawm lawv thaum lub sij hawm hydrolysis.

Lactose yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau menyuam yaus, vim nws yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb ntawm menyuam yaus cov khoom noj. Lwm txoj haujlwm ntawm carbohydrates ntawm hom no yog cov txheej txheem, txij li lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov cellulose, uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov nroj tsuag hlwb.

Cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm polysaccharides

Lwm hom carbohydrates yog polysaccharides. Nov yog hom kev sib txuas uas nyuaj tshaj plaws. Lawv muaj ntau ntawm cov monosaccharides (lawv lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog cov piam thaj). Nyob rau hauv kev zom zaub mov, polysaccharides tsis yaim - lawv txoj kev tawm mus yog qhov tshwj xeeb coj tawm.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj raws li nram no:

• insolubility (lossis solubility tsis zoo) hauv dej;
• xim daj (lossis tsis muaj xim);
• lawv tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw;
• yuav luag txhua tus ntawm lawv yog cov tsis qab (qee qhov muaj lub tsw qab).

Cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov tshuaj muaj xws li hydrolysis, uas tau ua los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm catalysts. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam yog qhov kev rhuav tshem ntawm qhov sib txuas rau hauv cov txheej txheem yam ntxwv - monosaccharides.

Lwm cov cuab yeej yog qhov tsim ntawm kev tsim khoom. Polysaccharides tuaj yeem siv nrog cov kua qaub.

Cov khoom tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no muaj ntau haiv neeg heev. Cov no yog cov acetates, sulfates, esters, phosphates, thiab lwm yam.

Piv txwv ntawm polysaccharides:

• hmoov txhuv nplej siab;
• cellulose;
• glycogen;
• chitin.

Kev kawm video rau cov haujlwm thiab kev faib tawm ntawm carbohydrates:

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob thiab lub hlwb ntawm tus kheej. Lawv muab lub cev nrog lub zog, koom nrog kev tsim ntawm cov hlwb, tiv thaiv cov kabmob hauv nruab nrog los ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab cuam tshuam tsis zoo. Lawv kuj ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev khaws cov khoom uas cov tsiaj thiab nroj tsuag xav tau thaum muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj.