Yuav siv cov tshuaj Amitriptyline Nycomed li cas?

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Amitriptyline Nycomed yog ib tus tswvcuab ntawm tricyclic antidepressant pawg. Cov tshuaj yog cov qeb qis tus nqi, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias feem ntau lub sijhawm kho yog ntau lub lis piam lossis ob hlis.

Lub Npe Tsis Yog Neeg Tsis Muaj Npe

Amitriptyline.

Amitriptyline Nycomed yog ib tus tswvcuab ntawm tricyclic antidepressant pawg.

ATX

N06AA09.

Tso cov ntawv thiab cov nyob ua ke

Cov khoom yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntsiav tshuaj. Qhov no yog qhov kev npaj ib-ntu, muaj 1 yam khoom uas muaj sia - amitriptyline. Cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj lub plhaub, vim tias theem ntawm kev txhoj puab heev ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau ntawm cov qog ua kua ntawm lub plab zom mov. Qhov kub siab ntawm cov tshuaj nquag: 10 lossis 25 mg (hauv 1 ntsiav tshuaj). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab muaj ntau tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas siv los ua kom tau qhov xav tau ntawm cov tshuaj:

  • magnesium stearate;
  • microcrystalline cellulose;
  • silica;
  • talc;
  • lactose monohydrate.
  • hmoov txhuv nplej siab.

Amitriptyline yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj coated, vim tias qib ntawm kev txhoj puab heev ntawm cov tshuaj rau ntawm cov qog ua kua ntawm lub plab zom mov txo.

Lub plhaub thaiv ntawm cov khoom no kuj yog multicomponent:

  • macrogol;
  • dimethicone;
  • propylene glycol;
  • titanium dioxide;
  • hypromellose;
  • talcum hmoov.

Cov ntsiav tshuaj muaj nyob hauv lub raj mis uas tuav 50 pcs.

Pharmacological kev txiav txim

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tricyclic antidepressants yog ua raws li kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev ntes cov monoamines, uas yog sawv cev los ntawm norepinephrine, dopamine thiab serotonin. Cov tshuaj no yog lub luag haujlwm rau lub siab ntawm kev xyiv fab.

Cov tshuaj, zoo li lwm yam txhais tau tias ntawm tricyclic antidepressant pawg, muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb - ntau ntawm cov kev mob tshwm sim uas tshwm sim thaum kho. Qhov no yog vim tsis xaiv qhov kev cai ntawm kev ua. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj tsis tsuas cuam tshuam rau kev ntes ntawm monoamines, tab sis kuj inhibits lwm cov kev hloov pauv biochemical.

Amitriptyline ua ke los ua ntau txoj haujlwm. Nws lub cuab yeej tseem ceeb yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj muab cov sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic effect. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias thaum kho tsis yog tsuas yog tus neeg mob lub siab lub ntsws yog ib txwm zoo li qub, tab sis tseem pw tsaug zog tau rov qab, kev ntxhov siab ploj.

Amitriptyline muab cov ua kom loog tsaug zog zoo, vim tias tus neeg mob rov pw tsaug zog.

Vim yog lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv qhov reuptake ntawm monoamines, ib qho kev nce siab hauv lawv cov kev xav hauv synaptic cleft ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab cov hlab ntsha tau sau tseg. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov nquag ua haujlwm ntawm Amitriptyline Nycomed block M1- thiab M2-muscarinic cholinergic receptors, histamine receptors, thiab tib lub sijhawm, alpha1-adrenergic receptors. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev kho mob nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob no tau sau tseg vim muaj qhov sib txuas ntawm cov neurotransmitters uas muaj nyob hauv qhov sib txuas ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub xeev kev xav.

Lwm qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj yog cov nyhuv qeeb. Qhov txiaj ntsig zoo tsis tiav tom qab tau tiav tam sim ntawd, tab sis tom qab kev saib xyuas los ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv cov ntshav ntshav tau nce mus txog qhov tsis muaj qhov sib npaug. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum nce mus txog ib qib twg (nws txawv nyob ntawm qhov koob tshuaj), cov teebmeem kev xav ntawm lub hlwb tseem ua kom pom. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim yog ib txwm ua rau tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm ib qho kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua kom tau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm amitriptyline - nortriptyline.

Nrog rau qhov nce ntxiv thiab txo qis dua hauv thaj, cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj hloov me ntsis. Yog li, thaum mus txog ib qib twg, cov haujlwm ntawm nortriptyline poob qis, ua haujlwm ntawm amitriptyline nce. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum sau tseg hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab tau sau tseg. Vim li no, koj tsis tuaj yeem noj cov tshuaj ntawm koj tus kheej, vim tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xaiv txoj kev kho uas tsim nyog coj los xav txog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev. Nws yuav tsum tau yug los rau hauv lub siab tias kev noj tshuaj me me yuav tsis muab qhov tshwm sim xav tau.

Nrog amitriptyline, koj tuaj yeem tswj koj lub plawv dhia. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov nyhuv antiarrhythmic ntawm cov tshuaj.

Cov tshuaj hauv cov lus nug tseem ua tau zoo ntawm kev ua txhaum ntawm CCC txoj haujlwm. Piv txwv, nws tuaj yeem siv los tswj lub plawv dhia. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov nyhuv antiarrhythmic ntawm cov tshuaj. Thaum muab tshuaj rau hauv cov tshuaj kho mob, qhov txo qis hauv kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem ventricular conduction txheej txheem tau sau tseg.

Cov Tshuaj Pharmacokinetics

Amitriptyline yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nqus sai. Tom qab 2-6 teev, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua ntawm cov khoom no tau mus txog. Nws yog qhov txawv los ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm bioavailability (50%). Tab sis cov lus khi rau ntshav cov protein yog siab - 95%. Muab hais tias cov tshuaj muab qhov tshwm sim uas xav tau tom qab tau mus txog qhov sib npaug ntawm lub siab ua haujlwm hauv lub cev, qhov txiaj ntsig zoo yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias ntxov dhau 1 lub lis piam tom qab. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb hais tias xws li ib lub sijhawm dhau los yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov kev mob tseem ceeb hauv qab uas cov tsos mob ntawm pathology pib ploj.

Cov tshuaj ua haujlwm nquag yog metabolized hauv lub siab. Ua ntej, lub ntsiab sib txuas, nortriptyline, raug tso tawm. Tom qab ntawd, ob qho tib si amitriptyline thiab nws cov metabolite nquag tau hydroxylated, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov muaj zog yam tsawg. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm cov tshuaj nws txawv 9 mus rau 46 teev, uas cuam tshuam los ntawm lub xeev lub cev, nyob ntawm lwm cov pathologies.

Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj rau kev ntxhov siab ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau kev ntxhov siab pw tsaug zog.
Amitriptyline yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub zais zis (ua haujlwm nrog cov duab tshwm thaum tsaus ntuj).
Amitriptyline yog qhia rau bulimia.

Dab tsi yog xaj tshuaj

Nws raug nquahu kom siv cov tshuaj rau ntau lub hlwb kev xav, hauv kev tshwj xeeb:

  • ntau yam kev nyuaj siab, nrog rau kev pw tsaug zog, ntxhov siab, thaum lub tshuaj hauv cov lus nug yog siv los ua kev ntsuas tseem ceeb;
  • raws li ib feem ntawm cov kev kho mob nyuaj, tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab yog sau tseg hauv ntau qhov teeb meem: kev coj cwj pwm, kev ntshai, kev puas siab ntsws, kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov zais zis (enuresis nrog kev tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj), anorexia, bulimia.

Cov Yuav Tsum Muaj

Muaj ntau txoj kev txwv ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj no:

  • cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib qho tsis zoo rau ib qho twg hauv cov lus (tsis nquag thiab tsis muaj zog);
  • myocardial infarction, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm;
  • mob hnyav ethanol lom;
  • pathological mob nrog los ntawm kev tsis hnov ​​qab;
  • lom nrog tshuaj (tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hlwb, hlwb hlwb lossis hypnotics);
  • arrhythmia;
  • lub kaum ntse ntse-kaw glaucoma;
  • ua txhaum ntawm intraventricular, atrioventricular conduction;
  • kev mob hauv lub cev muaj feem nrog lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption syndrome;
  • ntau cov synthesis hauv cov hlwb hauv cov nqaij ntawm lub caj pas ntawm prostate, uas ua rau txoj kev nqaim ntawm lub lumen ntawm qhov zis;
  • tuag tes tuag taw txoj hnyuv ntawm kev;
  • kev noj cov poov tshuaj tsawg;
  • bradycardia.
Cov tshuaj tsis raug cai rau ntawm bradycardia.
Cov tshuaj yog contraindicated hauv myocardial infarction, suav nrog keeb kwm.
Nrog kev ceev faj, amitriptyline yog kho rau ntshav siab.
Nrog rau qhov pom meej, cov tshuaj yog kho nrog ceev faj.
Kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar yog qhov sib txheeb tsis haum rau kev teem caij ntawm amitriptyline.
Nrog ceev faj, cov tshuaj yog kho rau pathological tej yam kev mob, nrog los ntawm kev hloov hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom hauv cov ntshav.

Nrog saib xyuas

Tus txheeb ze contraindications:

  • ntshav siab;
  • pathological mob nrog rau kev hloov hauv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntshav;
  • nce siab intraocular siab thiab lwm yam kab mob ntawm cov plab hnyuv siab raum ntawm lub zeem muag;
  • ib qho pathology nrog urinary tuav tseg;
  • cramps
  • mob schizophrenia
  • qaug dab peg
  • kev puas siab puas ntsws bipolar;
  • ua txhaum ntawm cov thyroid caj pas (hypothyroidism).

Yuav noj Amitriptyline Nycomed li cas

Kev xaiv ntawm txoj kev kho mob yog coj tawm mus rau hauv tus account hom kab mob. Coj mus rau hauv lub hnub nyoog, kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm pathology, lub xub ntiag ntawm kev txwv ntawm kev siv Amitriptyline Nycomed. Cov ntsiav tshuaj yuav tsum tsis txhob zom. Qhia cov tshuaj tom qab noj mov.

Cov sijhawm tshuaj noj rau cov laus

Txoj kev kho yuav tsum pib nrog ib koob tshuaj 50-75 mg. Tom qab ntawd nws tau nce ntxiv, yog tias tsim nyog, los ntawm 25-50 mg. Qhov nyiaj no npaum li cas ib zaug ua ntej mus pw lossis faib ua 2 zaug. Txawm li cas los xij, koj tsis tuaj yeem dhau qhov kev siv txhua hnub ntawm 200 mg. Lub sijhawm kawm - 6 lub hlis.

Amitriptyline Nycomed nrog kev ceev faj yog tau sau rau kev ua txhaum ntawm lub qog ua haujlwm lub qog.
Qhia cov tshuaj tom qab noj mov, ntsiav tshuaj tsis tuaj yeem zom.
Lub sijhawm tiv thaiv nrog amitriptyline yog 6 lub hlis.

Amitriptyline Nycomed muab tshuaj rau cov menyuam

Muab cov enuresis: 25 mg ib zaug rau cov neeg mob hnub nyoog 7 txog 12 xyoos, tshaj 12 xyoos - 50 mg. Nws raug nquahu kom noj nyiaj ua ntej mus pw.

Noj cov tshuaj rau ntshav qab zib

Cov tshuaj hauv cov lus nug cuam tshuam rau cov nyhuv tso tawm los ntawm insulin, thiab tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv hauv cov piam thaj. Vim li no, feem ntau, yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj kom haum. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tau sau tseg ib tus zuj zus.

Ntau npaum li cas yog siv tau

Cov cuab yeej muab cov nyhuv hauv ob peb lub lis piam. Nws pib ua haujlwm thaum thawj teev tom qab pib kho. Cov nyhuv tshwm sim kav rau 1-2 hnub.

Yuav ua li cas rho Amitriptyline Nycomed kom raug

Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob tshem tawm cov tsos mob, nws raug nquahu kom maj mam txo cov koob tshuaj.

Sab sij huam

Nws yuav tsum tau yug los hauv lub siab tias cov tshuaj hauv nqe lus nug ua rau pom kev zoo ntawm muaj kev tsis zoo ntau.

Kev kho mob txoj hnyuv

Xeev siab, qhuav ua qog ua paug, hloov pauv ntawm tus qauv quav (ua quav). Los ntawm lub plab zom mov, cov tsos mob hauv qab no feem ntau tshwm sim: tsis xis nyob hauv lub qhov ncauj, o, caries. Tsawg dua, raws plab, ntuav, o ntawm tus nplaig, kab mob siab, daj ntseg, txhaws tsis voos.

Kev siv cov amitriptyline tuaj yeem nrog los ntawm kev xeev tsis xwm yeem.
Thaum kho, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev xav tsis zoo li tshee ntawm qhov kawg yog tau sau tseg.
Tom qab siv cov tshuaj, ib qho mob taub hau feem ntau tshwm sim, uas yog ib qho tshwm sim ntawm kev mob tshwm sim.
Tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm siv cov khoom, kiv taub hau yuav tshwm sim.
Amitriptyline yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov quav (quav tawv).
Ntau zaus tshwm sim tom qab noj cov ntsiav tshuaj yog suav tias yog qhov tsis xis nyob hauv qhov ncauj, o, mob caries.

Hematopoietic plab hnyuv siab raum

Hlauj pob txha tsis zoo muaj nuj nqi, tus lej ntawm cov kab mob pathological uas muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom hauv cov ntshav.

Nruab nrab hauv lub paj hlwb

Kev tsis muaj zog ntau yam, nkees nkees, tshee tshee ntawm tes taw, mob taub hau thiab kiv taub hau, hnov ​​mob, hais lus, saj.

Los ntawm ib sab ntawm cov metabolism

Hloov pauv hauv qhov qab los: nce ntxiv, txo qis. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub cev hnyav nce lossis txo qis.

Kev ua xua

Vasculitis, urticaria, uas yog qhia los ntawm khaus, tawm pob.

Cuam tshuam rau lub peev xwm los tswj cov tshuab

Thaum kho, koj yuav tsum tsis kam tsav tsheb, vim tias cov tshuaj pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub paj hlwb tsis zoo, cuam tshuam rau cov plab hnyuv siab raum ntawm lub zeem muag thiab hnov, thiab ua rau lub siab tsis zoo.

Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb

Kev kho mob pib nrog tswj ntshav siab.

Thaum hloov chaw ntawm lub cev, kev saib xyuas yuav tsum ua, kev coj ua ntse tsis tuaj yeem ua.

Kev tsis haum tshuaj rau cov tshuaj muaj tsos ntawm urticaria, khaus, tawm pob.
Thaum kho, koj yuav tsum tsis kam tsav tsheb, vim tias cov tshuaj pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlab ntsha tsis zoo, cuam tshuam cov kabmob ntawm cov tsis pom kev thiab hnov ​​lus.
Hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas (txog 24 xyoos), kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tua tus kheej nrog kev kho mob nrog Amitriptyline Nycomed nce.

Cov neeg mob hnub nyoog tshaj 50 xyoos muaj feem ntau yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm pob txha lov.

Qee zaum nws yuav tsim nyog los tswj kev suav cov ntshav.

Cov kev xav tua tus kheej mus txog thaum lub caij sib xyaw pabcuam yuav pab txo cov tsos mob ntawm lub hlwb tsis zoo.

Hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas (txog 24 xyoos), kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tua tus kheej nrog kev kho mob nrog Amitriptyline Nycomed nce.

Ua ntej ua cov haujlwm ntau, cov txheej txheem kho hniav, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj cov tshuaj no.

Siv thaum cev xeeb tub thiab lactation

Tsis raug muab teev tseg.

Siv rau lub sijhawm qub

Nws raug pom zoo los siv tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob rau hauv nqe lus nug, tab sis ceev faj yuav tsum tau siv. Koj yuav tsum pib cov chav kawm ntawm kev kho mob nrog 25-30 mg (ib hnub ib zaug). Nce qhov ntau ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum yog 1 zaug txhua 2 hnub. Qhov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj txhua hnub yog 100 mg.

Daim ntawv thov rau lub raum khiav tsis zoo

Hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj cov kab mob ntawm cov khoom nruab nrog cev no, qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm lub cev nquag ntawm Amitriptyline Nycomed los ntawm lub cev tau qeeb qeeb. Tsis muaj kev txwv nruj heev rau kev noj cov tshuaj.

Siv rau lub siab ua haujlwm tsis zoo

Tso cai siv nrog nrog ceev faj. Nrog daim siab ua haujlwm tsis txaus siab, lub koob tshuaj yog txo.

Thaum lub cev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, amitriptyline raug tso cai siv nrog ceev faj.
Hauv cov neeg mob uas muaj lub raum, tsis muaj kev txwv nruj heev rau kev siv cov tshuaj.
Thaum cev xeeb tub thiab lactation, amitriptyline tsis tau sau tseg.
Hauv lub hnub nyoog laus nws tau tso cai siv amitriptyline, tab sis ceev faj yuav tsum tau siv.
Yog hais tias qhov koob tshuaj ntawm amitriptyline ntau dua, lub plab yuav tsum tau ntxuav kom txo tau cov theem ntawm kev haus tshuaj.
Cawv muaj cawv haus thiab amitriptyline tsis xyaw.

Noj ntau dhau

Tshaj tawm amitriptyline tuaj yeem ua rau mob pob ntseg pob txha hnyav. Lwm cov kev phiv loj heev. Kev Kho Mob: lub plab yog ntxuav kom txo cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj, sorbents yog tshuaj, yog tias tsim nyog, cholinesterase inhibitors tau txais kev tswj hwm, lub siab tsis txaus yuav tsum ua, thiab dej-electrolyte tshuav yog tswj.

Kev cuam tshuam nrog lwm yam tshuaj

Kev txwv tsis pub lub hauv nruab nrab cov hlab ntsha tau txhim kho nrog kev sib txuam nrog cov tshuaj hauv cov lus nug thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, sedatives, hypnotics, tshuaj loog, tshuaj loog analgesics.

Ua ke nrog Amitriptyline, MAO inhibitors tsis siv. Nws yog qhov tsis tsim nyog los muab nws nrog Adrenaline, Ephedrine, Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Phenylephedrine.

Cawv tau zoo

Cawv muaj dej cawv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov lus nug tsis tau koom ua ke.

Analogs

Cov tshuaj zoo siv tsis hloov ntawm Amitriptyline Nycomed:

  • Anafranil;
  • Melipramine;
  • Ladisan;
  • Doxepin thiab lwm tus
Raws li lwm txoj hauv kev, koj tuaj yeem xaiv doxepin.
Koj tuaj yeem hloov cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj xws li doxepin.
Yog tias tsim nyog, cov tshuaj tuaj yeem hloov nrog Melipramin.

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm Amitriptyline thiab Amitriptyline Nycomed

Cov tshuaj muaj npe nrog Nycomed hauv lub npe tsis yog tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tov. Nws tuaj yeem muas tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiav tshuaj. Amitriptyline muaj ntau hom: khov, kua (txhaj). Npaj cov pawg no yog nyob rau hauv tib nqe. Yuav txawv nyob hauv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom xyaw dhia.

Nyiaj so koobtsheej tej yam mob Amitriptyline Nycomed los ntawm lub tsev muag tshuaj

Cov tshuaj yog ib qho tshuaj xaj.

Kuv tuaj yeem yuav yam tsis tas yuav tshuaj

Tsis yog.

Nqe rau Amitriptyline Nycomed

Tus nqi nruab nrab yog 60 rubles.

Cia rau cov neeg mob rau cov tshuaj

Cov menyuam yaus yuav tsum tau kaw lawv cov khoom siv. Pom zoo cia cov khoom mob: + 15 ... + 25 ° С.

Hnub tas sij hawm

Cov tshuaj cia nws lub cev rau 5 xyoo txij li hnub tso tawm.

Chaw Tsim Tshuaj Tsim Amitriptyline Nycomed

Takeda Pharma A / S, Tebchaws Denmark.

Amitriptyline
Kev kho mob quav cawv nrog amitriptyline.

Kev txheeb xyuas txog Amitriptyline Nycomed

Neeg puas hlwb

Chukhrov V.V., kws kho mob hlwb, hnub nyoog 49 xyoo, Chelyabinsk

Cov tshuaj dhau los lawm, cov tshuaj tshiab dua tshiab tam sim no tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev kho.

Kochev V.O., Kws kho mob hlwb, hnub nyoog 34 xyoo, Stavropol

Tshuaj tua kab mob zoo ntxiv, ntxiv rau kev kho mob taub hau nrog psychosomatics. Tej zaum yuav ua rau qeeb hauv kev tso zis txoj kev.

Cov neeg mob

Larisa, 34 xyoo, Barnaul

Kuv coj 10 ntsiav tshuaj mg. Kev kho mob tau tshwm sim tom qab 3 lub lis piam, uas ntev. Tab sis, thaum kawg, kev nyuaj siab tau kov yeej.

Marina, 41 xyoo, Moscow

Siv cov tshuaj no. Tsuas yog siv tau ntev heev kuv tsis tuaj yeem tuav tau. Ua ntej, tus kws kho mob tau ceeb toom tias qhov tshwm sim zoo tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis tom qab pib kev kawm. Thib ob, phiv los ntawm cov tshuaj no tsis tau tso cai kho ntxiv.

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