Txij li cov tshuaj yog rau cov dej cawv hauv chav kawm, lo lus "rog" yog qhov tsuas yog ib qho, thaum lub npe "roj" (qhov "mob plab" vim yog qhov pib cais tawm los ntawm gallstones) tau muab tso rau lub chaw haujlwm los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua - thawj zaug tau txais xyoo 1769 los ntawm Fabkis tus kws kho mob Pouletier de La Sal, nws pom qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov rog, uas nws yog Ameslikas qeb duas.
Vim muaj qee qhov tsis raug ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, cov roj (cholesterol) tau tshaj tawm "tus yeeb ncuab No. 1" rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub cev tau ntau xyoo, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tiag tiag hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, chaw muag tshuaj thiab kev kho mob - nrog rau cov khoom muaj roj tsawg, cov tshuaj tshiab thiab cov hauv kev hauv lub ntiaj teb uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev xav zoo sib txuas hauv cov ntshav, thiab nrog rau tag nrho cov no - thiab tswj cov khoom siv rau "kab" kom nws ib txwm nyob hauv kev kuaj xyuas.
Txij li txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws los kuaj xyuas qhov mob tsis zoo ntawm ib qho lossis lwm qhov laj thawj yog txoj kev tshem tawm nws los ntawm kev ncig, qhov no tau ua tiav - vim li cas, tam sim no lub ntiaj teb tam sim no tau sau cov txiv ntoo cuam tshuam ntawm "noj zaub mov tsis zoo", thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau yuam kom muaj kev zam thiab cog lus los kho nws. Tab sis qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau tsuas yog nkag siab txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab lub luag haujlwm tseeb ntawm cov tshuaj hauv lub cev.
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj (cholesterol)
Ntxiv rau qhov tseeb tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (fluidity stabilizer) ntawm cytoplasmic membrane, kom ntseeg tau qhov nruj ntawm nws ob txheej vim muaj ntau qhov kev tso ntau ntawm phospholipid lwg me me, cov roj uas txhaws tau nws tus kheej ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov permeability ntawm phab ntsa, tiv thaiv ntshav hemolysis (kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj lom hemolytic rau erythrocyte) Cov.
Nws kuj tseem ua cov khoom pib rau kev tsim cov sib txuas ntawm cov pawg steroid:
- corticosteroid cov tshuaj hormones;
- cov tshuaj hormones poj niam txiv neej;
- kua tsib kua qaub;
- D-pawg vitamins (ergocalciferorol thiab cholecalciferol).
Muab qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev ntawm txhua pawg ntawm cov yeeb tshuaj no, nws ua kom pom tseeb qhov kev phom sij ntawm cov khoom noj uas tsis muaj cholesterol lossis cov khoom noj tsis zoo hauv cov theem ntawm cov khoom no hauv cov ntshav.
Vim nws cov insolubility hauv dej, cov khoom no tuaj yeem thauj los ntawm cov ntshav tsuas yog sib xyaw nrog cov kis kab mob (apolipoproteins), thaum ua ke nrog cov lipoprotein ntau tau tsim.
Vim hais tias muaj ntau ntau apolipoproteins sib txawv (nrog qhov sib txawv hauv qhov hnyav, lawv cov tropism rau cov roj (cholesterol), thiab kuj vim yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov nyom ua kom tawg rau hauv cov ntshav, thiab cov teeb meem tsis sib luag ntawm cov khoom siv roj ua kom tsim cov atherosclerotic plaques), cov pawg hauv qab no ntawm lipoproteins yog qhov txawv:
- lub siab ntom ntom (HDL, lossis lub cev nyhav molecular, lossis HDL-lipoproteins);
- tsawg ntom ntom (LDL, lossis tsis tshua muaj molecular phaus, lossis LDL-lipoproteins);
- tsis tshua muaj neeg ntom nti (VLDL, tsis tshua muaj molecular phaus, lossis VLDL qeb ntawm lipoproteins);
- chylomicrons.
Txhawm rau cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm periphery, cov roj cholesterol nkag mus rau chylomicrons, LDL lossis VLDL, mus rau lub siab (nrog rau kev tshem tawm tom qab los ntawm lub cev) - los ntawm thauj apolipoproteins ntawm HDL qeb.
Khoom cua nta
Txhawm rau kom cov atherosclerotic plaques tsim los ntawm cov roj (uas ib txhij ua "thaj" rau ntawm cov phab ntsa uas puas lawm, thiab sab hauv "lub hauv paus" hauv thaj chaw uas tsis muaj lawv cov leeg mob rau hauv cov leeg yuav tsum ua rau nws lub cev qhuav - lub chaw poob), lossis cov tshuaj hormones, lossis lwm yam khoom lag luam, nws nyob hauv lub cev yuav tsum xub tsim tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb qho chaw:
- tawv nqaij
- txoj hnyuv;
- mob siab.
Txij li lub siab ua hlwb (lawv cytosol thiab du endoplasmic reticulum) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib txuas (hauv 50% lossis ntau dua), cov synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab meej los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim hauv nws.
Cov synthesis ntawm cov roj khov siab tshwm sim hauv 5 qib - nrog kev tshwm sim tom qab:
- mevalonate;
- isopentenyl pyrophosphate;
- squalene;
- lanosterol;
- cov roj (cholesterol) xwb.
Lub saw ntawm kev hloov pauv yuav tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm enzymes catalyzing txhua ntu ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Yees duab ntawm cov roj hluavtaws ua haujlwm:
Enzymes koom nrog kev tsim cov teeb meem
Nyob rau thawj theem (suav nrog peb txoj haujlwm), kev tsim cov tshuaj acetoacetyl-CoA (txij no CoA - coenzyme A) yog pib los ntawm acetyl-CoA-acetyltrasferase (thiolase) los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm 2 acetyl-CoA lwg me me. Ntxiv mus, nrog kev koom tes ntawm HMG-CoA synthase (hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase), hluavtaws los ntawm acetoacetyl-CoA thiab lwm lub qauv ntawm acetyl-CoA hydro-hydroxy-ꞵ-methylglutaryl-CoA ua tau.
Thaum txo qis ntawm HMG (ꞵ-hydroxy-ꞵ-methyl-glutaryl-CoA) los ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm HS-CoA tawg nrog kev koom tes ntawm NADP-depended hydroxymethyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), thawj cov tshuaj nruab nrab, cov roj ua ntej (mevalonate), yog tsim los. )
Nyob rau theem ntawm kev coj ua ntawm isopentinyl pyrophosphate, plaub txoj haujlwm yog ua tiav. Los ntawm txhais tau tias mevalonate kinase (thiab tom qab ntawd phosphomevalonate kinase), Mevalonate hloov pauv 5-phosphomevalonate ntawm 1 thiab 2 Mevalonate kinase (thiab tom qab ntawd phosphomevalonate kinase), thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 5-pyrophosphomevalonate, uas dhau los ua 3-phospho-5-pyrophosphomevalonate nyob rau 3 theem ntawm 3 (nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm kinase enzyme).
Lub sijhawm ua haujlwm kawg yog decarboxylation thiab dephosphorylation nrog kev tsim isopentinyl pyrophosphate (pib los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm enzyme pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase).
Hauv kev sib txuas ntawm squalene, qhov pib isomerization ntawm isopentenyl pyrophosphate mus rau dimethylallyl pyrophosphate tshwm sim (nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm isopentyl phosphatisomerase), ces isopentenyl pyrophosphate ua nrog dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (ib qho hluav taws xob raug tsim los ntawm C5 thawj thiab C5 cov tshuaj thib ob) nrog kev tsim cov geranyl pyrophosphate (thiab cleavage ntawm pyrophosphate molecule).
Hauv kauj ruam tom ntej, kev sib raug zoo ntawm C5 isopentenyl pyrophosphate thiab C10 geranyl pyrophosphate - vim muaj kev hws rau thawj zaug nrog tus thib ob, farnesyl pyrophosphate yog tsim thiab tom ntej no pyrophosphate molecule yog cleaved los ntawm C15.
Qeb no xaus nrog qhov hws ntawm ob farnesyl pyrophosphate lwg me me hauv thaj tsam C15- C15 (ntawm lub taub hau-rau-lub hauv paus hauv paus) nrog tshem tawm ntawm 2 pyrophosphate lwg me me hauv lub sijhawm. Rau kev hws ntawm ob lub lwg me me, thaj tsam ntawm pyrophosphate pawg tau siv, ib qho yog tam sim ntawd, uas ua rau kev tsim cov presquale pyrophosphate. Thaum NADPH txo qis (nrog kev tshem tawm thib ob pyrophosphate), cov tshuaj no nruab nrab (hauv qab ntawm squalene synthase) hloov mus ua skavalen.
Hauv kev sib txuas ntawm lanosterol, muaj 2 txoj haujlwm: thawj xaus nrog kev tsim cov squalene epoxide (nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm squalene epoxidase), qhov thib ob - nrog kev hloov kho ntawm squalene epoxide rau hauv cov khoom kawg ntawm theem - lanosterol. Tsiv methyl pawg los ntawm C14 nyob rau C13, thiab los ntawm C8 nyob rau C14 paub cov oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase.
Cov theem kawg ntawm cov hluavtaws suav nrog kab kab ntsig ntawm 5 ua haujlwm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm oxidation ntawm C14 Cov methyl pawg ntawm lanosterol tsim cov khoom sib txuas hu ua 14-desmethylanosterol. Tom qab tshem tawm ob pawg methyl ntau ntxiv (hauv C4) cov quav yeeb tshuaj ua zymosterol, thiab vim tias qhov txaum tawm ntawm daim ntawv cog lus coj los ua C8= C9 rau txoj hauj lwm C8= C7 kev tsim ntawm δ-7,24-cholestadienol tshwm sim (hauv qab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm isomerase).
Tom qab tsiv ob npaug nyiaj txiag C7= C8 rau txoj hauj lwm C5= C6 (nrog kev tsim ntawm desmosterol) thiab kev kho dua tshiab ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv sab txoj hlua, cov khoom muag thaum kawg yog tsim - cov roj (lossis theej, cov roj cholesterol). Qhov “δ” 24-reductase enzyme “tswj” theem kawg ntawm cov roj (synthesis) roj.
Dab tsi cuam tshuam rau hom roj (cholesterol)?
Muab cov tshuaj solubility tsawg cov lipoproteins tsawg (LDL), lawv txoj kev xav ua kom cov ntshav khov ua paug (nrog rau kev tsim cov atherosclerosis plaques hauv cov hlab ntsha uas ua rau muaj feem ntau ntawm cov mob plawv thiab vascular teeb meem), lipoproteins ntawm pawg no feem ntau hu ua "roj cholesterol", thaum lipoproteins ntau nrog molecular phaus (HDL) nrog cov khoom rov qab (tsis muaj qhov phom sij ntawm atherogenicity) yog hu ua cov roj (cholesterol) "pab tau."
Ua rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov lus qhia no (lub cev tsis tuaj yeem yog yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los yog tshwj xeeb muaj kev phom sij), txawm li cas los xij, kev ntsuas tau tam sim no tau thov rau cov neeg uas muaj qhov siab rau vascular pathology los tswj thiab txo LDL rau qib siab.
Nrog rau daim duab ntau dua 4.138 mmol / l, kev xaiv kev noj haus tau pom zoo kom txo lawv qib mus rau 3.362 (lossis tsawg dua), qib theem saum 4.914 ua qhov taw qhia txog kev kho cov tshuaj kho kom txo qis lawv cov tshuaj.
Qhov nce ntawm cov ntshav feem ntawm "cov roj (cholesterol) phem" yog los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig:
- qis lub cev ua haujlwm (lub cev tsis muaj zog);
- noj ntau dhau (khoom noj khoom haus dependence), raws li zoo raws li nws lub txim - nyhav dhau los yog rog;
- kev noj haus tsis sib txig - nrog kev cia siab ntawm trans cov rog, yooj yim zom cov khoom noj carbohydrates (khoom qab zib, muffins) rau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm pectin, fiber, vitamins, kab kawm, fatty acids ntawm polyunsaturated muaj pes tsawg leeg;
- muaj cov neeg hauv tsev neeg paub zoo txog kev haus cawv (haus luam yeeb, haus dej haus cawv nyob rau hauv hom dej cawv, siv tshuaj muaj yees).
Lub xub ntiag ntawm ntev somatic pathology muaj ib tug muaj hwj chim zoo ib yam:
- mob pob zeb;
- endocrine cuam tshuam nrog hyperproduction ntawm cov tshuaj hormones ntawm adrenal cortex, tsis muaj peev xwm cov thyroid lossis cov txiv neej pw ua niam txiv, lossis ntshav qab zib mellitus;
- lub raum thiab hepatic tsis txaus nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm qee theem ntawm cov lus sib txuas ntawm "pab tau" lipoproteins uas tshwm sim hauv cov kabmob no;
- mob muaj keeb dyslipoproteinemia.
Lub xeev ntawm cov roj metabolism metabolism ncaj qha nyob ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub plab hnyuv microflora, uas txhawb nqa (lossis tiv thaiv) kev nqus ntawm kev noj zaub mov rog, thiab tseem koom nrog kev sib txuas, kev hloov pauv, lossis kev puas tsuaj ntawm sterols ntawm exogenous los yog endogenous keeb kwm.
Thiab hloov ua ntu zus, txhawm rau txo qhov ntsuas ntawm "tsis zoo" cov roj cholesterol ua:
- kev kawm tawm dag zog, kev ua si, seev cev;
- tswj lub neej nyob nyab xeeb tsis haus luam yeeb thiab haus dej haus cawv;
- cov zaub mov kom zoo tsis muaj qhov tshaj ntawm cov khoom noj zom tau yooj yim carbohydrates, nrog cov ntsiab lus tsawg ntawm cov tsiaj rog ntawm lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg - tab sis nrog cov ntsiab lus txaus ntawm fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipotropic yam (lecithin, methionine, choline), cov ntsiab lus, cov vitamins.
Video los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij:
Yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev?
Tsuas yog kwv yees li 20% ntawm cov roj (cholesterol) nkag mus rau hauv lub cev nrog cov zaub mov noj - nws tsim tawm 80% los ntawm nws tus kheej, ntxiv rau lub siab, qhov txheej txheem ua kom tiav yog ua los ntawm cov qog endoplasmic reticulum ntawm lub hlwb:
- txoj hnyuv;
- cov qog adrenal;
- raum
- cov qog ntawm chaw mos.
Ntxiv nrog rau cov txheej txheem classical rau kev tsim cov roj uas txhaws hauv cov roj ntshav tau piav qhia saum toj no, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim nws siv cov txheej txheem tsis-mevalonate. Yog li, ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv yog kev tsim cov tshuaj los ntawm cov piam thaj (tshwm sim los ntawm lwm cov enzymes thiab hauv qab lwm yam mob ntawm cov kab mob).
