Ntshav cov kua nplaum: cov ntsiab lus ib txwm nyob hauv kev tsom xam

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Hauv tib neeg lub qhov ncauj, kev zom zaub mov ntawm glycogen thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab pib hauv qab ntawm salivary amylase. Hauv qab ntawm amylase nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv me, cov zawm zaum kawg ntawm polysaccharides rau maltose tshwm sim.

Cov ntsiab lus hauv cov kua txiv hauv plab muaj ntau ntawm hydrolases - cov enzymes uas zom sucrose, maltose thiab lactose (tsis muaj zog) kom fructose, galactose thiab qabzib (monosaccharides).

Galactose thiab qabzib sai sai nqus los ntawm microvilli ntawm txoj hnyuv me, lawv nkag rau cov hlab ntshav thiab mus txog lub siab.

Cov txheej txheem ntshav qabzib thiab cov deviations muaj nyob hauv ntshav, nrog rau hauv ntshav cov ntshav, nws tau faib ncaj nruab nrab ntawm cov tsim thiab cov ntshav.

Cov piam thaj yog qhov qhia tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj metabolism, thiab cov khoom lag luam carbohydrate yog:

  1. polysaccharides: hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab cellulose,
  2. fructose thiab qabzib,
  3. sucrose thiab lactose,
  4. ib co lwm cov suab thaj.

Feem ntau ntawm cov piam thaj:

  • rau cov me nyuam tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog, qhov kev cai yog 1.1-3.33 mmol / l,
  • rau cov menyuam mos yug tshiab 1 hnub 2.22-3.33 mmol / l,
  • rau cov menyuam txhua hli 2.7-4.44 mmol / l,
  • rau cov menyuam hnub nyoog dhau tsib xyoos, 3.33-5.55 mmol / l,
  • rau neeg laus mus txog 60 4.44-6.38 mmol / l,
  • cov neeg los ntawm 60 xyoo - qhov cai yog 4.61-6.1 mmol / l.

Kev mob ntshav qab zib yog muab rau cov neeg laus yog tias cov piam thaj hauv ntshav tsis nce txog 3.3 mmol / L. Txhawb cov piam thaj (lossis qee kis txawm tias hyperglycemia) muab tso yog tias qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam pom tau tias cov piam thaj cov ntsiab lus siab dua li 6.1 mmol / l.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub tias kev ua txhaum ntawm cov khoom noj ntawm lub cev metabolism pib ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov metabolism hauv qab zib. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog thaum cov suab thaj zom hauv cov zom zaub mov, nqus mus rau hauv txoj hnyuv lossis hauv theem ntawm lub cev metabolism ntawm carbohydrates hauv tib neeg plab hnyuv siab raum.

Hyperglycemia lossis nce ntxiv nyob rau hauv qabzib cov ntsiab lus tuaj yeem yog vim:

  1. physiological hyperglycemia: kev haus luam yeeb sai, kev ntxhov siab, tsis txaus lub cev, ua haujlwm tsis zoo, lub siab loj adrenaline thaum txhaj tshuaj,
  2. mob ntshav qab zib rau cov neeg ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog,
  3. mob ntshav roj,
  4. gigantism, acromegaly, thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma thiab lwm yam kab mob endocrine pathologies,
  5. pancreatic kab mob, piv txwv, mob ntsig txog mob nrawm lossis mob nraub qaum, mob cystic fibrosis, mob hemochromatosis thiab mob qog cov leeg nqaij hlav,
  6. kab mob ntawm lub plab zom mov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mob siab thiab lub raum,
  7. muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj insulin,
  8. siv cov khoom noj uas muaj caffeine, thiazides, glucocorticoids thiab estrogens.

Cov ntshav qog ntshav qab zib lossis ntshav qabzib yuav nyob nrog:

  • pancreatic ntshawv siab: adenoma, carcinoma, hyperplasia, insulinoma, glucagon deficiency,
  • hypothyroidism, mob adrenogenital, Addison's disease, hypopituitarism,
  • nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj menyuam yaus yug ua ntej dhau los ntawm tus pojniam muaj ntshav qab zib
  • kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau ntawm insulin thiab hypoglycemic,
  • mob siab rau daim siab: carcinoma, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, kab mob siab,
  • cov hlav hlav tsis muaj mob: cov leeg nqaij hlav, mob qog nqaij hlav hauv lub plab lossis cov qog adrenal,
  • galactosemia, gyrke tus kab mob,
  • ntau yam suab lus ntawm tus kheej, lub plab zom zaws, kev kho mob tom qab lub plab zom mov, kev mob plab hnyuv tsis tuaj,
  • Lub caij nyoog yoo mov ntev, malabsorption syndrome thiab lwm yam kev noj haus tsis zoo,
  • lom nrog salicylates, arsenic, chloroform, antihistamines los yog dej cawv,
  • Kev tawm dag zog rau lub cev thiab kub taub hau,
  • kev siv cov tshuaj amphetamine, tshuaj steroids thiab propranolol.

Hauv kev siv tshuaj, muaj ib lub xeeb ceem nyob nruab nrab lub xeev, nws tsis yog qhov mob ntshav qab zib kom zoo, tab sis tsis suav rau hauv nruab nrab. Qhov no hais txog qhov tsis hnov ​​qab zib tsis ua hauj lwm.

Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, qhov kev nce qib ceev ntawm cov piam thaj yuav ib txwm qis dua 6.1 mmol / L, thiab tom qab ob xuaj moos tom qab ua cov kua nplaum nws yuav yog 7,8 - 11.1 mmol / L. Lub ntsiab txhais yog qhov qhia qhov tseeb txog kev muaj ntshav qab zib ntau ntxiv rau yav tom ntej. Cov tsos ntawm tus kab mob nyob ntawm ntau lwm yam. Nws muaj nws lub npe - ntshav qab zib.

Muaj lub tswvyim ntawm kev yoo mov glycemia. Kev tsom xam ntawm cov piam thaj theem rau lub plab khoob hauv cov ntshav thiab cov ntshav ntawm no yog 5.5 - 6.1 mmol / L, thiab ob teev tom qab cov piam thaj hauv kev tswj hwm, qhov ntsuas yog qhov qub, uas yog, txog 7.8 mmol / L. Nws tseem suav tias yog kev pheej hmoo rau kev tsim cov ntshav qab zib mellitus ntxiv, kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov uas yuav tsis tshwm sim sai.

Kev yoo mov yog hais txog qhov tsis muaj zaub mov noj rau 8 teev lossis ntau dua.

Qhov nuances ntawm kev txiav txim siab ua ntshav qabzib

Qhov ntsuas ntawm cov piam thaj hauv qab tuaj yeem tshawb xyuas nrog:

  1. pathology ntawm cov qog adrenal, cov qog pituitary thiab cov thyroid caj pas,
  2. kev cuam tshuam thiab kab mob hauv lub siab,
  3. mob ntshav qab zib, tsis hais yam twg,
  4. kuaj pom cov ntshav qabzib nyob hauv cov neeg uas mob ntshav qab zib,
  5. thawj
  6. mob ntshav qab zib hauv poj niam cev xeeb tub,
  7. hloov pauv hauv cov qab zib kam rau ua.

Koj yuav tsum paub tias lub ntsiab txhais xav tau tso cov zaub mov rau 8 teev ua ntej kev txheeb xyuas. Kev txheeb xyuas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev coj ntshav thaum sawv ntxov. Txhua yam kev zam dhau, tsis hais kev ntxhov siab ntawm cev nqaij daim tawv thiab lub siab.

Ntshav dej, lossis hauv lwm lo lus ntshav, yog sib cais ntawm cov hlwb li ob teev tom qab kuaj ntshav. Ntxiv rau, koj tuaj yeem siv cov roj tub tshwj xeeb muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv glycolysis. Yog hais tias cov mob no tsis tau ntsib, tom qab ntawd kev ntsuas tsis raug yog qhov tseeb.

Kev kuaj ntshav qabzib nrog rau txoj kev hauv qab no:

  • kev tshawb nrhiav qhov tseeb, nws yog ua raws li kev muaj peev xwm ntawm cov piam thaj los ua kom rov qab nitrobenzene thiab ntsev tooj liab,
  • cov kev tshawb xyuas enzymatic, piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ntshav qabzib oxidase;
  • xim kev hloov pauv txoj kev, ib txoj kev qhia tshwj xeeb hauv cov cua sov ntawm carbohydrates.

Cov txheej txheem ntshav qabzib yog txoj kev tsom xam ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov zis thiab cov ntshav ntawm lub plab khoob. Cov txheej txheem yog ua raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov piam thaj hauv qabzib oxidase enzyme nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj hydrogen peroxide, uas oxidizes orthotolidine thaum peroxidase.

Cov ntshav ceev ntawm lub ntsej muag siab yog muab xam los ntawm qhov kev yees duab, thaum siv cov xim sib piv nrog qhov ntsuas ntsuas.

Cov kev xyaum soj ntsuam muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab txog qabzib:

  1. hauv cov ntshav txha caj qaum, qhov twg cov khoom siv los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas yog ntshav los ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Tsis siv neeg analyzers siv,
  2. nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha capillary, uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntiv tes. Qhov feem ntau txoj kev, rau qhov kev tsom xam koj xav tau me ntsis ntshav (cov cai tsis ntau tshaj 0.1 ml). Kev tsom xam kuj tseem ua nyob hauv tsev nrog lub tshuab tshwj xeeb - glucometer.

Muab zais (subclinical) cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsis hnov ​​lus carbohydrate metabolism

Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas zais, uas yog, subclinical cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom noj uas muaj cov metabolism hauv cov pluas noj tsis txaus, kuaj qhov ncauj txog ntshav qabzib lossis kuaj ntshav qabzib kam siv yog siv.

Thov nco tseg: yog tias ntshav muaj ntshav qabzib ntawm cov ntshav ntawm lub plab uas tsis muaj dab tsi yog siab dua 15 mmol / l, tom qab ntawd rau kev kuaj mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, kev soj ntsuam ntshav qab zib tsis tas yuav tsum tau.

Qhov tso tshuaj tiv thaiv suab thaj hauv ntshav yog dab tsi?

Kev kawm txog qib qabzib nyob rau hauv lub plab khoob, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshem tawm txhua yam uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tsis txaus siab, nrog rau kev nqus ntawm cov carbohydrates hauv txoj hnyuv.

Rau peb hnub ua ntej pib ntawm kev kawm, tus neeg mob tau sau tseg rau kev noj zaub mov uas muaj li 150 g txhua hnub. Kev tsom xam ua rau lub plab khoob. Cov kua nplaum muab tshuaj rau hauv lub cev ntawm tus nqi 0.5 g / kg lub cev qhov hnyav, hauv qhov ua tau los ntawm kev daws 25% hauv ib lossis ob feeb.

Hauv cov ntshav cov ntshav plasma, cov ntshav qabzib tau txiav txim siab 8 zaug: 1 lub sijhawm ntawm lub plab tas, thiab sijhawm so 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 thiab 60 feeb tom qab muaj cov kua nplaum nyob hauv lub cev. Lub plasma insulin tus nqi tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv parallel.

Qhov coefficient ntawm cov ntshav txaus qhia txog kev ploj ntawm cov piam thaj los ntawm cov ntshav tom qab nws tso kev siv tshuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub sijhawm nws yuav siv los txhawm rau txo cov piam thaj kom tsawg 2 zaug tau txiav txim siab.

Cov mis tshwj xeeb laij cov coefficient: K = 70 / T1 / 2, qhov twg T1 / 2 yog pes tsawg feeb kom txo cov ntshav qabzib los ntawm 2 zaug, 10 feeb tom qab nws txoj kev lis ntshav.

Yog tias txhua yam muaj nyob hauv qhov txwv tsis pub dhau, tom qab ob peb feeb tom qab tau muab cov kua nplaum ntev, nws cov ntshav ceev ceev tau nce mus txog qib siab - txog 13.88 mmol / L. Qov insulin qib siab raug pom nyob hauv thawj tsib feeb.

Cov piam thaj theem rov qab los rau nws cov nqi pib tom qab kwv yees li 90 feeb los pib ntawm kev ntsuas. Tom qab ob teev, cov piam thaj cov ntsiab lus poob qis hauv qab qhov pib, thiab tom qab 3 teev, qib qib rov qab mus rau qhov pib.

Muaj cov ntsiab lus qabzib hauv qab no:

  • hauv cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib nws yog qis dua 1.3. Qhov siab tshaj plaws insulin concentration tau kuaj pom tsib feeb tom qab pib kev ntsuas,
  • hauv cov neeg laus noj qab haus huv uas tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev zom zaub mov ntawm carbohydrates, qhov sib piv yog ntau dua 1.3.

Kev ua pa hypoglycemic thiab hyperglycemic

Hypoglycemia yog ib txoj kev kho mob uas txhais tau hais tias cov ntshav qabzib nyob qis.

Hyperglycemia yog qhov kev kho mob cov tsos mob, uas qhia tias muaj cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav ntau hauv cov ntshav dej.

Qib siab tau tshwm sim nrog ntshav qab zib mellitus lossis lwm yam cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob endocrine.

Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub xeev ntawm cov metabolism carbohydrate tuaj yeem tau tom qab suav ob qho ntsuas ntawm kev soj ntsuam qabzib:

  • hyperglycemic coefficient yog qhov sib piv ntawm cov piam thaj hauv ib teev, txog nws qib ntawm lub plab khoob,
  • hypoglycemic coefficient yog qhov piv ntawm cov piam thaj theem 2 teev tom qab thau khoom mus rau nws qib ntawm lub plab khoob.

Hauv cov neeg muaj kev noj qab haus huv, qhov qub hypoglycemic coefficient tsawg dua 1.3, thiab qib hyperglycemic tsis dhau mus dhau 1.7.

Yog tias qhov txiaj ntsig li ib txwm ntawm tsawg kawg ib ntawm kev ntsuas tau dhau dhau, ces qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev txo qis piam thaj yog txo qis.

Glycosylated hemoglobin thiab nws qib

Xws li hemoglobin raug xa mus rau HbA1c. Qhov no yog hemoglobin, uas tau nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov tshuaj monosaccharides, thiab, tshwj xeeb, muaj cov piam thaj, uas nyob hauv cov ntshav mus ncig.

Vim tias los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, ib qho monosaccharide residue yog txuas rau cov protein molecule. Qhov ntim ntawm glycosylated hemoglobin uas tshwm sim ncaj qha nyob ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav, nrog rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua nplaum uas muaj cov kua nplaum thiab hemoglobin.

Yog vim li ntawd cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycated hemoglobin txiav txim siab qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov piam thaj hauv cov ntshav ntev ntev, uas piv nrog lub neej ntawm hemoglobin molecule. Nws yog kwv yees li peb lossis plaub hlis.

Cov laj thawj rau kev muab txoj kev tshawb fawb:

  1. kuaj thiab kuaj ntshav qab zib,
  2. lub sij hawm ntev saib xyuas tus kab mob thiab saib xyuas kev kho mob ntawm cov neeg muaj ntshav qab zib,
  3. Ntsuam xyuas them ntshav qab zib,
  4. kev soj ntsuam ntxiv rau kev kuaj ntshav qabzib ua ib feem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas tus kab mob ntshav qab zib qeeb lossis ib qho mob ua ntej tus kabmob,
  5. mob ntshav qab zib latent thaum cev xeeb tub.

Cov kev cai thiab theem ntawm glycated hemoglobin nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog thiobarbituric acid yog los ntawm 4.5 mus rau 6, 1 hniav puas feem pua, raws li kev tsom xam pom.

Kev txhais ntawm cov txiaj ntsig yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv kev sim thev naus laus zis thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg tau kawm. Qhov kev txiav txim siab yog qhov nyuaj, vim tias muaj kev sib kis ntawm hemoglobin muaj nuj nqis. Yog li, hauv ob tus neeg uas muaj ntshav qab zib npaum li qub sib luag, nws tuaj yeem ncav cuag 1%.

Qhov tseem ceeb nce ntxiv thaum:

  1. ntshav qab zib mellitus thiab lwm yam mob uas ua los ntawm kev ua kom lub cev tsis haum,
  2. txiav txim siab txog qib uas raug them nyiaj: los ntawm 5.5 txog 8% - nyiaj mob ntshav qab zib, los ntawm 8 txog 10% - cov kabmob uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, los ntawm 10 txog 12% - qee tus mob uas them nyiaj. Yog tias qhov feem pua ​​ntau dua 12, ces qhov no yog qhov mob ntshav qab zib uas tsis them nyiaj.
  3. hlau tsis muaj peev xwm
  4. txha caj qaum
  5. dag nce vim yog qhov kev xav zoo ntawm fetal hemoglobin.

Qhov tseem ceeb txo thaum:

  • los ntshav
  • hemolytic anemia,
  • ntshav ntxiv
  • ntshav qog.

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