Glucagon yog dab tsi: cov haujlwm (lub luag haujlwm) ntawm cov tshuaj tua kabmob (pancreatic), kev zais ua haujlwm (sib ntxiv), kev ua

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Txawm tias ua ntej insulin twb nrhiav pom, ntau pab pawg ntawm cov hlwb tau pom nyob hauv lub pancreatic islets.

Cov tshuaj glucagon nws tus kheej tau tshwm sim los ntawm Merlin thiab Kimball hauv xyoo 1923, tab sis ob peb xav paub txog qhov kev tshawb pom no lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab tsuas yog 40 xyoo tom qab nws thiaj paub tseeb tias cov tshuaj no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub cev metabolism hauv ketone lub cev thiab cov ntshav qabzib.

Ntxiv mus, nws txoj haujlwm ua tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb tam sim no.

Tshuaj lom neeg thaj chaw

Glucagon yog ib cov kab ntau polypeptide muaj 29 cov amino acid seem. Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm cov glucagon thiab lwm cov tshuaj polypeptide, xws li

  1. ntawv zais
  2. roj-inhibiting peptide,
  3. VIP.

Cov kab mob amino acid ntawm cov tshuaj no zoo sib xws hauv ntau hom tsiaj thiab muaj sib npaug hauv cov npua, tib neeg, nas thiab nyuj; nws yog pancreatic hormone.

Lub zog ua haujlwm thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm glucagon precursors tseem tsis tau hais meej. Tab sis muaj ib qho kev xav tau los ntawm cov kev cai nruj ntawm kev npaj ua ntej uas lawv txhua tus muaj cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.

Hauv cov hlwb ntawm islet ntawm lub txiav yog muaj secretory granules, uas paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, suav nrog ntawm glucagon, thiab sab npoo ntawm glycine. L-cell nyob hauv txoj hnyuv muaj cov khoom sib tov ua ke tsuas yog ntawm glycine.

Feem ntau cov yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov hlwb ntawm tus txiav ua tsis muaj enzyme uas hloov glycine rau glucagon.

Oxyntomodulin stimulates adenylate cyclase los ntawm khi rau glucagon receptors nyob ntawm hepatocytes. Cov kev ua ntawm peptide no yog kwv yees li 20% ntawm thaj tsam ntawm glucagon.

Glucagon-zoo li protein ntawm thawj hom ua kom muaj zog ua rau muaj kev tso tawm ntawm cov kua dej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua tsis cuam tshuam rau hepatocytes.

Glycine, glucagon-zoo li peptides thiab oxygenntomodulin feem ntau pom nyob hauv txoj hnyuv. Tom qab tshem tawm ntawm tus txiav, txiav txim siab ntawm glucagog txuas ntxiv.

Kev tswj hwm kev zais cia

Kev zais cia ntawm glucagon, thiab nws cov lus sib txuas yog qhov kev txiav txim siab uas cov piam thaj hauv lub luag haujlwm yog qhov ua zaub mov, nrog rau insulin, fatty acids thiab amino acids. Cov piam thaj yog qhov ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov ntshav qab zib lub cev.

Nws muaj cov ntsiab lus muaj zog ntawm kev zais cia thiab sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj no thaum noj qhov ncauj ntau dua li thaum tso tshuaj, qhov no yog qhia los ntawm nws cov lus qhia rau kev siv.

Ib txoj hauv kev, cov kua nplaum ua rau insulin secretion. Yuav luag txhua zaus, cov nyhuv no cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones plab zom mov thiab ploj hauv qhov tsis zoo hauv cov ntshav qab zib mellitus (insulin-dependant) lossis tsis muaj nws txoj kev kho mob.

Tsis muaj ib qho twg hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm a-cells. Ntawd yog, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov piam thaj nyob rau hauv-hlwb, rau qee yam, nyob ntawm nws kev ua haujlwm ntawm insulin secretion. Cov kab mob ua kom muaj roj dawb, somatostatin thiab ketone lub cev tseem ua rau cov leeg ntshav zais thiab cov qib glucagon.

Feem ntau cov amino acids txhim kho lub tso pa tawm ntawm insulin thiab glucagon. Yog vim li cas tom qab noj zaub mov noj tsuas yog ntawm cov protein, ib tus neeg tsis pib rau lub cev hypoglycemia sib cais los ntawm insulin thiab tag nrho cov kev ua haujlwm hauv pancreatic tseem niaj hnub ua haujlwm.

Zoo li qabzib, amino acids muaj cov nyhuv loj dua thaum noj ntawm ncauj dua li thaum txhaj. Ntawd yog, lawv cov nyhuv yog qee yam cuam tshuam nrog kev zom cov tshuaj hormones. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev zais cia ntawm glucagon yog tswj los ntawm lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev.

Kev zais cia thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj no yog kho kom zoo los ntawm kev ua kom rov qab zoo dua ntawm cov hlab ntsha sympathetic cov leeg ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub sab hauv ntawm lub pancreatic islets, nrog rau kev qhia txog sympathomimetics thiab adrenostimulants.

Kev zom zaub mos thiab glucagon synthesis yog raws cov hauv qab no:

  • Glucagon yauv raug kev puas tsuaj sai hauv lub siab, ntshav thiab raum, thiab hauv qee cov phiaj nqaij.
  • Nws lub plasma ib nrab-lub neej tsuas yog 3-6 feeb xwb.
  • Cov tshuaj hormones poob nws cov kev ua haujlwm lom thaum tiv thaiv cov kab mob N-terminal histidine qhov seem.

Mechanism ntawm kev ua

Glucagon khi rau cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb nyob rau ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm cov phiaj hlwb. Cov txais no yog ib hom tshuaj molecular phaus glycoprotein.

Nws tseem tsis tau mus ua tiav decipher nws cov qauv, tab sis nws paub tias nws tau khi rau Gj protein uas ua kom adenylate cyclase thiab cuam tshuam nws cov synthesis.

Cov nyhuv tseem ceeb ntawm glucagon ntawm hepatocytes tshwm sim los ntawm kev ncig mus los ntawm AMP. Vim qhov hloov kho ntawm N-qhov xaus ntawm ntu glucagon molecule, nws tau hloov mus ua ib tus agonist ib nrab.

Thaum tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo rau cov receptor, nws lub peev xwm los ua kom adenylate cyclase poob lawm ntau. Tus cwj pwm coj no yog yam ntxwv ntawm des-His - [Glu9] -glucagonamide thiab [Phen] -glucagon.

Qhov enzyme no txiav txim siab rau kev tsim intracellular ntawm fructose-2,6-diphosphate, uas cuam tshuam rau glycogenolysis thiab gluconeogenesis.

Yog tias qib glucagon tau siab thiab qhov sib txawv sai sai, tom qab ntawd nrog ib qho me me ntawm insulin phosphorylation ntawm 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase / fructose-2,6-diphosphatase tshwm sim thiab nws pib ua haujlwm raws li phosphatase.

Hauv qhov no, tus nqi ntawm fructose-2,6-diphosphate hauv lub siab txo qis. Nrog lub siab ntawm cov tshuaj insulin thiab ib qho me me ntawm glucagon, dephosphorylation ntawm lub enzyme pib, thiab nws ua haujlwm zoo li kinase, nce qib ntawm fructose-2,6-diphosphate.

Qhov kev sib xyaw no ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm phosphofructokinase - ib qho enzyme uas ua rau kom qhov kev tsis haum glycolysis fab tsis zoo.

Yog li, nrog lub siab ntawm glucagon, glycolysis yog inhibited thiab gluconeogenesis yog qhov ua kom zoo dua qub, thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus insulin siab, glycolysis yog kev ua haujlwm. Ketogenesis thiab gluconeogenesis yog suppressed.

Thov

Glucagon, nrog rau nws cov synthesis, yog ua kom tsis txhob muaj ntshav ntau ntau thaum tsis muaj peev xwm tswj cov ntshav qabzib. Cov lus qhia rau kev siv cov tshuaj hormone piav qhia txhua yam kom meej meej

Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov neeg mob ntshav qab zib. Tsis tas li, cov tshuaj hormones no yog siv rau hauv kev txheeb xyuas hluav taws xob txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom lub cev muaj zog ntawm txoj hnyuv. Hauv qhov no, muaj lwm txoj hauv kev los siv cov tshuaj no.

Glucagon, siv rau hauv cov tshuaj, yog cais los ntawm cov txiav txiv ntseej ntawm npua los yog nyuj. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias cov amino acids ntawm glucagon hauv cov tsiaj no yog nyob hauv tib qho kev txiav txim. Nrog hypoglycemia, qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau muab tshuaj rau cov tshuaj intramuscularly, tso ntshav los yog subcutaneously nyob rau hauv ib qho nyiaj ntawm 1 mg

Hauv qhov xwm txheej ceev, nws yog qhov zoo dua los siv glucagon thiab thawj ob txoj kev ntawm kev tswj hwm. Tom qab 10 feeb, kev txhim kho tshwm sim, uas minimizes qhov pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob nruab nrab hauv lub paj hlwb.

Hyperglycemia nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm glucagon yog luv luv, thiab tej zaum yuav tsis tshwm sim txhua yog tias muaj glycogen khw muag khoom hauv daim siab tsis txaus. Tom qab ua kom qhov xwm txheej no tsis zoo, tus neeg mob yuav tsum tau noj ib yam dab tsi lossis ua ib qho kev txhaj tshuaj qabzib kom tiv thaiv tau qhov rov qab ua ntshav dua ntawm hypoglycemia. Feem ntau cov nyom tshwm sim rau glucagon yog ntuav thiab xeev ntuav.

  1. Qhov tshuaj hormones no tau tsim tawm ua ntej kev soj ntsuam xoo hluav taws xob ntawm txoj hnyuv, ua ntej MRI thiab retrograde ideography los so cov leeg nqaij txoj hnyuv thiab lub plab thiab txhim kho lawv txoj haujlwm.
  2. Glucagon yog siv los daws cov mob spasms hauv cov kab mob ntawm cov biliary thiab sphincter ntawm Oddi lossis hauv kev mob diverticulitis.
  3. Raws li lub koom haum pabcuam hauv kev tshem tawm cov pob zeb los ntawm lub qog lim los ntawm siv lub voj voos Dormia, zoo li nyob rau hauv txoj hnyuv txhaws thiab cuam tshuam rau txoj hlab pas thiab txhim kho lawv txoj haujlwm.
  4. Glucagon tso pa tawm yog siv los ua qhov kev sim tshuaj rau pheochromocytoma, txij li nws ua kom muaj kev tso cov catecholamines los ntawm cov qog ntawm cov qog no.
  5. Qhov no cov tshuaj hormones yog siv los kho kev poob siab, vim nws muaj cov nyhuv inotropic rau ntawm lub siab. Nws ua hauj lwm zoo hauv cov neeg mob noj beta-blockers, vim tias adrenostimulants tsis ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no.

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